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Gold Market Analysts

10/29/07  Investment Reasons For Buying Gold  By: Julian D.W. Phillips
10/08/07  Dollar Faith and Failed Trinity  By: Jim Willie CB
09/30/07  Gold Rockets On USD Troubles  By:  Christopher Laird
09/30/07  China Autumn's Ominous Augur Suicide  By:  Darryl Robert Schoon
09/30/07  Lone Anomaly To Ignite Gold  By: Jim Willie CB
09/27/07  Gold and Rate Cuts  By: Kevin DeMeritt
09/23/07  Monetary Doves At Point of Gun  By: Jim Willie CB
09/23/07  This Is It!  By: The Arden Sisters
09/17/07  Gold: The Collapse of the Vanities  By: Jon Ing
09/17/07 Time To Shine!  By: Puru Saxena
09/17/07  US Dollar Vulnerable  By: Bill Bonner
09/10/07  Gear Today, Gone Tomorrow  By: Alf Field
09/10/07  Gold and Subprime Dollar Backlash  By: Jim Willie CB
09/10/07  Financial Meltdown  By: Ellen Hodgson Brown
09/10/07  Reading Between the Lines  By: Aubie Baltin
09/06/07  Rare Gold Coins Versus Stocks  By: Peter Giordano
09/03/07  A New Chapter For Gold  By: John Hathaway
09/03/07  Gold Forecaster - Global Watch  By:Julian D.W. Phillips
09/03/07  The Writing Is On the Wall  By: Peter Schiff
09/03/07  Gonna Buy a Hat...A Big One  By: Joe Average
08/26/07  Desperate Measures For USFED  By:  Jim Willie CB
08/26/07  It's A Shoe In  By: Peter Schiff
08/19/07  Crisis or Opportunity?  By: Lawrence Roulston
08/19/07  The Writing Is On the Wall  By:  Aubie Baltin
08/19/07  Lenders Take the Jad, Borrowers Take the Knockout  By: Peter Schiff
08/13/07 Is The End Nigh? By: Puru Saxena
08/13/07 The Fed's Meltdown By: Doug McIntosh
08/13/07  Volatility In The Bull Market  By:  The  Aden  Sisters
08/13/07  Full Blown Liquidity Crisis Hits Gold and Stocks By Chris Laird
08/05/07  $8,000 Silver in 15 Years  By: Jason Hommel
08/05/07  Was The Bernanke Put Just A Ruse?  By:  M.A. Nystrom
08/05/07  Headwaters of Disaster By:  Darryl Robert Schoon
07/22/07  Next Move Up in Gold Should Be Powerful  By: Lee Rogers
07/22/07  1st Crack in the Goldilocks Dam of Optimism  By: Aubie Baltin
07/22/07  Watching the Long Bond & then U.S. Dollar  By: Jay Taylor
07/22/07  Sorry Ben, The Buck Stops With You  By: Peter Schiff
07/15/07  Jay Taylor on Gold  By:  Jay Taylor
07/15/07  Storm Clouds Forming Over Market, Economy  By: Louis Paquette
07/15/07  Time To Face the Music By:  Peter Schiff
07/08/07  Gold: The Fundamental Rules  By: Adrian Ash
07/03/07  Independence Day is Here, But Not For Many  By: Richard Benson
07/03/07  Big Funds Sell Metals For Spring Whack  By: Roger Wiegand
07/03/07  Sub Prime Woes, USD, Gold, Liquidity  By: Chris Laird
07/01/07  You Would Think It Was A Gold Bull Market  By: Richard J. Greene
07/01/07  Absolute Bond Contagin  By: Jim Willie CB
07/01/07  More Changes - More They Remain the Same  By: Aubie Baltin
06/17/07  A Unique Era  By: The Aden Sisters
06/17/07  Gold Fundamentals Pointing Towards $2000  By: Eric Hommelberg
06/17/07  Good Money After Bad  By: Peter Schiff
06/10/07  The Big Picture: Major Trend Shift!  By: Boris Sobelev
06/07/07  Morgan Stanley Issues Full House Sell Signal  By: Polya Lesova
06/04/07  Another Inconvenient Truth!  By: Puru Saxena
06/04/07  Silver: The Long Term View  By: Roland Watson
06/04/07  When Will All This Bad News Sink In?  By:  Peter Schiff
05/20/07  Lipstick On a Pig  By: Peter Schiff
05/20/07  Elliot Wave Gold Update XIII  By: Alf Field
05/17/07  Ready For Gold's Reality Show?  By: Kevin DeMeritt
05/15/07  China and U.S. Economy  By:  Puru Saxena
05/06/07  Riding the "Golden" Bull  By:  Aubie Baltin
05/01/07  Walking Out On the Dollar Movie  By: Kevin DeMeritt
04/29/07  What Record High?  By: Peter Schiff
04/15/07  March to the Slaughterhouse By: Grandich Publications
04/09/07  No More Legs to Stand On  By: Peter Schiff
04/09/07  Interest Rates, Recession/Depression  By: Aubie Baltin
04/09/07  Buy Gold To Earn Real Returns  By: Richard J. Greene
04/09/07  What Could Happen  By: Lear Financial, Inc.
04/02/07  How Blind Can They Be?  By:  Peter Schiff
03/26/07  China, Now the Largest Investor  By: Julian D.W. Phillips
03/14/07  Another Golden Year  By:  Grandich Publications
03/04/07  Shocks, Webs, Liquidity, & U.S. Dollar  By:  Jim Willie CB
03/04/07   Gold Price:  Could We See a 1979 Repeat  By: Bill Bonner
02/26/07  Is The Fed Finally Losing Its Credibility?  By: Peter Schiff
02/26/07  Subprime Titanic Hits Iceberg  By: Richard Benson
02/18/07  21st Century Gold Rush Revisited  By: Aubie Baltin
02/18/07  Gold, Housing, and the Yield Curve  By: John Maudlin
02/18/07  Looking Good!  By: Peter DeGraaf
02/12/07  Gold and Silver Driven By Insanity  By: Lee Rogers
02/11/07  Who's Been Sleeping In Our Beds?  By: Dan Amoss, CFA
02/11/07  Enormous Pressure On the U.S. Dollar  By: John Rubino
02/03/07  The Gold Bull is Stomping  By:  Aubie Baltin
02/03/07  Gold Production and Reserves  By: Scott Wright
01/28/07  Gold and Silver Market Update  By: Clive Maund
01/28/07  House of Cards  By: Greg Silberman
01/22/07  A Massive Transfer of Wealth  By: Paul van Eeden
01/22/07  Don't Forget The Gold in Goldilocks  By: Peter Schiff
01/17/07  2007: Buckle Up, Danger Lies Ahead  By: Grandich Publications
01/16/07  No Way Out: A 50% Dollar Devaluation  By: Robert McHugh Ph.D
01/12/07  Frightening Worldwide Currency Crisis  By: David Morgan
01/10/07  After the Dollar, the "Amero" and Gold  By:  Kevin DeMeritt
01/05/07  More Consumption, Less Production  By: Peter Schiff
01/04/07  Consensus Forecasts for 2007  By:  Aubie Baltin
01/03/07  Spector of Deflation  By: M.A. Nystrom M.B.A.
01/01/07  Sell Debt and Buy Gold in 2007  By: Bill Bonner
12/12/06  What's Really Going On With Bonds  By: Peter Schiff
12/12/06  2007 Will Be Big For Precious Metals  By: Lee Rogers
12/12/06  Opportunity Knox in Gold Bull Market  By: Kal Kotecha
12/03/06  The Mike Tyson Economy  By: Jim Willie CB
12/03/06  The Dollar Dam Is Breaking  By: Richard Benson
12/03/06  Follow China's Gold  By: Christopher G. Galakoutis
11/26/06  Why Hasn't It Happened Yet?  By: Aubie Baltin
11/25/06  Gold Report - The Last Word Maybe  By: Enrico Orlandini
11/25/06  Richard Russell on Gold and US$  By: Richard Russell
11/20/06  Renewed Rise Has Begun  By: The Aden Sisters
 
 
THE HISTORY OF GOLD COINS

Gold coins and silver coins were a vital part of commerce as far back as the early civilizations of Sumer and Egypt. A French historian saw gold coins as the "lifeblood of Mediterranean trade in the 2nd millennium BC". Initially gold coins were traded simply by weight which could then be cut up into small chunks or drawn into wire. And gold coins, were seen more as a standard of accounting or for taxes to rulers or temples, rather than for general circulation among the common folk. The first real gold coins were not made until the 6th century BC in Lydia (Western Turkey). They were made from electrum, natural alloy of gold and silver found in the rivers of the region. They usually had a lion or a bull on the gold coins face and a punch mark or seal on the gold coins other side, and weighed from 17.2 grams (0.55 troy oz) to as little as 0.2 grams (.006 troy oz). The gold coins introduction is attributed to the Lydian king Croesus (561-547 BC). Progress in refining soon led to the distinct minting of silver and gold coins.

Gold coins were quickly taken up in the blossoming Greek city states just across the Aegean sea, though it was predominantly of silver until Philip II of Macedon (359-336 BC) acquired gold and silver mines in Thrace (now Bulgaria). His son, Alexander the Great (336-323 BC) then consolidated the Greek Empire with his defeat of the Persian empire, securing an immense treasure of gold coins built up by the Persians from gold sources on the river Oxus in northern Afghanistan. Alexander is reputed to have taken over 22 metric tonnes (700,000 troy ounces) of gold coins in loot from the Persians. For both Philip II and Alexander, gold coins became an ideal way of paying their armies and meeting other military costs. Under the Greek empire, the gold coins were stamped with the head of the king instead of lions, bulls and rams that had previously adorned gold coins elsewhere.

The Romans, for whom gold coins became the critical way of paying their legions, also adopted the custom of striking the emperor's head on their aureus gold coins. The aureus gold coins were usually 950 fine (22 carat) and weighed 7.3 grams (0.23 troy oz); 45 aurei gold coins weighed one roman pound (libra). Even though these gold coins were too valuable for most daily transactions, they were used by administrators, traders and for army pay (a legionnaire was paid one aureus gold coin each month). In Britain, one aureus gold coin bought 400 litres (28.57 gallons) of cheap wine or 91 kilos (200 pounds) of flour. Smaller gold coins, solidus’, weighing 4.4 grams (0.14 troy oz) were introduced after 300 AD, as supplies of gold coins from Spain and Eastern Europe decreased.

The Romans minted gold coins on a scale not seen before and not equaled until modern times. Between 200 and 400 AD hundreds of millions of gold coins were struck and distributed throughout the empire. The extent of circulation is showed by the hoards of roman gold coins that have turned up all over Europe, particularly in Britain, which can be seen in many museums, notably the British Museum in London. The British Museum's HSBC Money Gallery provides a unique display of the evolution of early gold coins. The Roman empire brought a remarkable unity to much of western Europe through coherent public institutions and gold coins. When that empire fell apart soon after 400 AD, it was almost one thousand years before widespread gold coins returned. Solidus gold coins survived as the main gold coins of the Mediterranean world, being minted by the Byzantine emperors in Constantinople as the nomisma or bezant.

The bezant personified gold coins from the fall of the Roman empire until the rise of Venice with its famous silver and gold coins. "It is admired by all men and in all kingdoms, because no kingdom has a currency that can be compared to it," noted a 6th century observer. But due to a shortage of new gold supplies, minting was very scarce and the gold coins were growingly debased. By 1081 the gold coins content was only 250 fine (six carats). The Emperor Comenus restored some credibility in 1092 with new gold coins of 4.4 grams (0.14 troy oz) called the hyperpyron, which many still nicknamed bezant and the Venetians called perpero. These gold coins never attained much prestige, however, as gold supplies were still limited.

Indeed, much of the gold that was available from Africa after 700 AD went into dinar gold coins made by the rulers of the growing Islamic empire that extended through the Middle East and along the north African coast. These gold coins, created initially in Damascus, Baghdad and Tripoli, were beautifully decorated by calligraphers in Arabic script, since Islam forbade the depiction of humans. By 1200 the increasing power of Venice brought more trade between the Islamic world and Europe. That prosperity sucked in gold that had long been coming across the Sahara desert by camel caravans from West Africa to North Africa. Gold coins were minted in Sicily, just across the Mediterranean, in 1231 using African gold and then in Florence and Genoa in 1252. Venice soon became the main market for ... (continues at top right)

gold, opening its gold mint in 1284. The next year the first ducat gold coins of 3.55 grams (0.114 troy oz) was struck; they were a symbol of wealth and power for the next five hundred years, becoming the most widely accepted gold coins since the Romans' aureus and solidus gold coins.

The supply of gold was enhanced soon after 1300 by new mines in Hungary. Suddenly all of Europe was making gold coins. In France the king's mints produced nearly 10 tonnes (350,000 troy oz) of gold coins in 1338-39. In 1344 the mints of Florence, Genoa, Venice, Bruges (Flanders) and London coined over five tonnes (170,000 troy oz) between them. The variety of gold coins can be seen in a single display case at the British Museum in London which houses 25 types of gold coins from European nations and city states minted during the 13th and 14th centuries. As the pattern of gold supplies changed by 1500, first with more gold moving directly from West Africa to Europe by sea and then with the new sources in the Americas, so did the production of gold coins. In 1457, Portugal issued new cruzado gold coins made of African gold. In England in 1489 Henry VII minted the first sovereign gold coins of 15.55 grams (0.5 troy oz) at 958 fine (23 carats), valued at £1.00. By 1503 the mint in Seville was handling gold from the Americas.

Thereafter much of that gold was turned into Spanish crowns which were exported to England, the Netherlands (under Spanish rule), Genoa and Venice, where they were often recast into local gold coins. But the supply of South American gold was relatively limited compared to the flood of silver so that, during the 16th and 17th centuries, silver coinage was more widespread in Europe than gold coins. In England, Queen Elizabeth I did launch new gold coins (angels) and crowns in 1558 to restore the prestige of gold coins which had been much debased by her father Henry VIII, but gold coins were usually under 300 kilos (10,000 troy oz) annually. Gold coins made their comeback only after gold discoveries in Brazil in the 1690s gave a new dimension to world production and Britain moved onto an unofficial gold standard with gold coins replacing silver as the main circulating currency (see Millennium in Gold - 17th & 18th centuries). Brazil's gold coins, moedas de ouro, were minted in Rio de Janeiro and Lisbon (Brazil being a Portuguese colony), but many of these gold coins came on to England where they were recoined into guineas, which had first been struck in 1663. The guinea gold coins, named after Africa's 'gold coast', weighed 0.27 troy oz (8.7 grams) at 916.6 fine with a nominal value of £1. The mint in London coined over 31 tonnes (one million troy oz) of gold into guineas gold coins between 1713-16.

The new flow of gold coincided with a slight over-valuation of gold coins, versus silver, at the mint, which had followed a major recoinage program a few years earlier. Thus, traders found it profitable to send gold to be minted, while selling silver for shipment to India and China where it was valued more highly. The premium for gold coins was confirmed in 1717, when Sir Isaac Newton, as Master of the Mint, set the historic gold price of £4.4.11½d (£4.35) which went on for two hundred years. His decision confirmed the preference for gold coins and accidentally put Britain on a gold standard, with gold coins being the major coin circulation until 1914, when World War I broke out. Throughout the 18th century; huge quantities of guineas gold coins were put into circulation, with the mint often striking three to four million gold coins annually; virtually no silver was coined. Not since Roman times have gold coins been so widely used and accepted both in Britain and abroad, although most other nations stayed with silver coinage.

The sovereign gold coins, which replaced the guinea gold coins under the Coinage Act of 1816, made the gold standard official. The sovereign gold coins, of 0.25 troy oz (7.77 grams) at 916 fine, were the sole standard of value and had unlimited legal tender. The final triumph for gold coins followed the gold rushes in the United States and Australia after 1848, as gold production rose five-fold. The minting of gold coins soared in France and the United States in the 1850s and ultimately most nations switched from silver to gold coins by 1900, when the United States finally switched to the single gold standard from a bimetallic gold and silver policy. Virtually all gold mined during the 19th Century was turned into gold coins. Sovereign gold coins in Britain and Australia, Eagle gold coins in the United States, Mark gold coins in Germany, Rouble gold coins in Russia, Crown gold coins in Austria, Florin gold coins in Hungary and Napoleon gold coins in France accounted for over 13,000 tonnes (418 million troy oz) in the classic period of the gold standard prior to World War I. But when the world went to war in 1914, governments started to husband their gold, the minting of gold coins largely stopped and gold coins were often called in. In 1933 during the Great Depression, the U.S. recalled all gold and gold coins from their citizens. After that, the era of almost universal gold coins was over. This is the history of gold coins.